Understanding Express Entry Canada
Canada’s immigration system is globally recognized for its efficiency, fairness, and comprehensive approach to selecting skilled immigrants. Among the various pathways to Canadian permanent residency, the Express Entry system stands out for its speed and accessibility. Whether you’re a skilled worker, a tradesperson, or have Canadian work experience, Express Entry offers an excellent opportunity to secure a permanent place in one of the world’s most welcoming countries.
This guide aims to provide an in-depth overview of Express Entry, including a step-by-step guide to creating an Express Entry profile, details on the programs covered by the system, various draw types, and frequently asked questions.
On this page, you will find
- What is Express Entry?
- Why Did Canada Introduce Express Entry?
- Programs Covered by Express Entry
- Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP)
- Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP)
- Canadian Experience Class (CEC)
- Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)
- Eligibility Requirements
- Step-by-Step Guide to Applying through Express Entry
- Understanding Draws: All Program, PNP, Program-Specific, Occupation-specific
- FAQs about Express Entry
- Has the Canada Express Entry System Been a Success?
- Final Thoughts
1. What is Express Entry?
Express Entry is an online immigration system used by the Government of Canada to manage applications for permanent residency under three main federal economic immigration programs: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), and the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). Express Entry aims to fast-track skilled immigrants who can contribute to the Canadian economy and society.
Using a points-based system known as the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), Express Entry ranks candidates based on various factors, such as age, education, work experience, language skills, and whether they have a job offer in Canada or a nomination from a province through the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP).
2. Why Did Canada Introduce Express Entry?
Canada introduced the Express Entry system in January 2015 as a transformative approach to managing applications for permanent residency under three federal economic immigration programs: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), and the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). The primary motivation behind implementing Express Entry was to address the shortcomings of the previous immigration system and to better align immigration with Canada’s economic needs and labor market demands.
Enhancing Efficiency and Reducing Processing Times
Before Express Entry, Canada’s immigration system operated on a first-come, first-served basis, leading to lengthy processing times that could extend beyond five years. This backlog was inefficient and deterred potential skilled immigrants from considering Canada as a destination. Express Entry introduced a streamlined, electronic application management system that significantly reduced processing times to approximately six months for most applications. This efficiency made Canada a more attractive option for skilled immigrants seeking timely relocation.
Aligning Immigration with Labor Market Needs
Canada faces ongoing challenges related to an aging population and a declining birth rate, which impact the labor force and economic growth. The Express Entry system was designed to be more responsive to these economic needs by selecting candidates who possess the skills and experience in demand within the Canadian labor market. By using the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), Express Entry ranks candidates based on factors such as age, education, language proficiency, and work experience, ensuring that those most likely to contribute economically are prioritized.
Moving from a Passive to an Active Recruitment Model
The previous immigration system passively accepted applications without actively targeting individuals who could fill specific labor shortages. Express Entry shifted this paradigm by allowing the government and employers to actively recruit and select immigrants through programs like the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) and by facilitating job offers from Canadian employers. This active recruitment helps to address specific regional and sectoral labor needs more effectively.
Improving the Quality of Immigrants and Economic Outcomes
Express Entry’s points-based CRS encourages applicants to improve qualifications that enhance their potential economic success in Canada. By prioritizing candidates with higher education levels, language proficiency, and relevant work experience, the system aims to improve the economic outcomes of immigrants. This focus on human capital factors increases the likelihood that new immigrants will integrate successfully into the Canadian economy and society.
Flexibility and Responsiveness to Changing Economic Conditions
Express Entry allows the government to adjust selection criteria and CRS point allocations in response to shifting economic needs and labor market trends. This flexibility ensures that immigration policies remain aligned with the country’s priorities, such as addressing emerging skills shortages or supporting specific industries.
Encouraging Provincial and Employer Engagement
The integration of the PNP within Express Entry enables provinces and territories to nominate candidates who meet their specific economic needs. This collaboration ensures a more balanced distribution of immigrants across the country, supporting regional development. Additionally, the system facilitates employer participation by allowing them to access a pool of qualified candidates, making it easier to fill vacancies that cannot be met domestically.
Reducing Backlogs and Improving System Integrity
By implementing a system that only accepts a limited number of candidates who meet certain thresholds, Express Entry prevents the accumulation of excessive applications and backlogs. This control maintains the integrity of the immigration system by ensuring that all applications are processed efficiently and that only qualified candidates are considered.
Leveraging Technology for Better Application Management
Express Entry utilizes an online platform that automates and manages applications more effectively than the previous paper-based system. This technological advancement reduces errors, speeds up communication with applicants, and provides real-time data for policymakers to monitor and adjust the system as needed.
3. Programs Covered by Express Entry
The Express Entry system manages applications for three main federal economic programs, along with portions of the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP). Here’s a brief overview of each program:
Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP)
The Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP) is one of Canada’s key immigration pathways for skilled workers seeking permanent residency. It operates under the Express Entry system, which manages economic immigration applications for the country. The FSWP is designed for individuals with the qualifications, skills, and work experience necessary to contribute to Canada’s economy.
Eligibility Requirements for the Federal Skilled Worker Program:
Work Experience:
- A minimum of one year of full-time, continuous skilled work experience within the last 10 years in an occupation classified under the National Occupational Classification (NOC) TEER categories 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Language Proficiency:
- Proof of proficiency in English or French through approved language tests. Applicants must meet a minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) level of 7 in all four abilities (reading, writing, speaking, and listening).
Education:
- A minimum education level equivalent to a Canadian high school diploma. Applicants must have their foreign credentials assessed by an Educational Credential Assessment (ECA).
Age:
- There is no age limit, but younger applicants receive more points under the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS).
Proof of Funds:
- Applicants must show they have enough funds to support themselves and their family upon arrival unless they have a valid job offer in Canada.
Points System:
- Applicants must score at least 67 points out of 100 on the FSWP selection grid, which assesses factors like work experience, education, age, language skills, and adaptability.
Once these eligibility criteria are met, applicants can enter the Express Entry pool, where they are ranked based on their Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) score. Invitations to apply for permanent residency are issued to candidates with the highest scores.
Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP)
The Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP) is one of Canada’s immigration pathways for skilled tradespeople seeking permanent residency. Managed under the Express Entry system, the FSTP is designed for individuals with experience in specific skilled trades who want to contribute to Canada’s labor market. It offers an opportunity for qualified workers to settle in Canada and address labor shortages in key industries.
Eligibility Requirements for the Federal Skilled Trades Program:
Work Experience:
- At least two years of full-time work experience (or an equivalent amount of part-time experience) in a skilled trade within the last five years.
- The work experience must be in an occupation listed under the National Occupational Classification (NOC) TEER categories 2 or 3 for skilled trades, such as construction, manufacturing, or maintenance.
Language Proficiency:
- Proof of proficiency in English or French through an approved language test.
- Minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) level of 5 for speaking and listening, and CLB 4 for reading and writing.
Job Offer or Certification:
- A valid job offer for full-time employment in Canada for at least one year, or a certificate of qualification in the skilled trade issued by a Canadian provincial, territorial, or federal authority.
Education:
- While there is no formal education requirement, applicants can earn additional points under the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) if they have a high school diploma or higher education credentials.
Proof of Funds:
- Applicants must show sufficient funds to support themselves and their family upon arrival in Canada unless they have a valid job offer or are already authorized to work in Canada.
Points System:
- While applicants do not need to meet a minimum score on the selection grid, they are ranked in the Express Entry pool using the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS). Factors such as work experience, language proficiency, and adaptability affect their CRS score.
Eligible candidates are placed in the Express Entry pool, and those with the highest CRS scores are invited to apply for permanent residency through regular draws. The FSTP provides a fast-track option for skilled tradespeople to work and settle in Canada.
Canadian Experience Class (CEC)
The Canadian Experience Class (CEC) is an immigration pathway under Canada’s Express Entry system, designed for skilled workers who have gained work experience in Canada and wish to become permanent residents. It is ideal for individuals who have already adapted to the Canadian workforce and have established ties to the country. The CEC provides a streamlined process for those who meet the requirements.
Eligibility Requirements for the Canadian Experience Class (CEC):
Work Experience:
- A minimum of one year of skilled, professional, or technical work experience in Canada within the last three years.
- The work must be in a National Occupational Classification (NOC) TEER category 0, 1, 2, or 3, and the experience must be gained legally with proper authorization.
Language Proficiency:
- Proof of language proficiency in either English or French.
- Minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) level of 7 for jobs in NOC TEER 0 or 1, and CLB 5 for jobs in TEER 2 or 3.
Education:
- There is no formal education requirement for the CEC. However, additional points can be earned under the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) for post-secondary education.
Work Authorization:
- Applicants must have gained their work experience while legally authorized to work in Canada, such as through a work permit or equivalent authorization.
Proof of Funds:
- Applicants do not need to demonstrate proof of funds, as the CEC is intended for those who are already working in Canada and likely integrated into the labor market.
Residency Requirement:
- Applicants must plan to live outside the province of Quebec, as the program does not apply to individuals seeking residency in Quebec.
Points System:
- While there is no minimum score on a selection grid, candidates are ranked in the Express Entry pool using the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), which evaluates factors like work experience, language skills, and education.
The Canadian Experience Class offers a direct pathway for temporary foreign workers or international graduates with Canadian work experience to transition to permanent residency. Regular draws from the Express Entry pool invite those with the highest CRS scores to apply for permanent residence.
Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)
Canada’s Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) is a key immigration pathway that allows provinces and territories to nominate individuals for permanent residence based on their skills, work experience, and the province’s specific labor market needs. The PNP is designed to decentralize immigration decisions and address the unique economic and demographic needs of each province. Many Provincial Nominee Programs are linked to the Express Entry system, providing a streamlined path to permanent residence for qualified candidates.
The PNP consists of two main streams:
- Base PNPs: These are traditional nomination programs that operate outside of Express Entry. Candidates apply directly to the province, and once nominated, they must apply for permanent residence to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC).
- Enhanced PNPs: These are linked to the Express Entry system, allowing provinces to select candidates from the federal Express Entry pool. Enhanced nominations grant candidates an additional 600 points under the Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), effectively guaranteeing an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residence in the next Express Entry draw.
How Enhanced PNPs Work with Express Entry
The Express Entry system manages applications for three major immigration programs: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), and the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). Provincial governments can use the Express Entry pool to search for candidates who meet specific provincial labor market requirements. Candidates who meet the requirements of a provincial stream can receive a Notification of Interest (NOI) from the province, which invites them to apply for provincial nomination.
Once a candidate is nominated through an enhanced PNP stream, they receive an additional 600 CRS points, a major advantage since most Express Entry draws have CRS cut-off scores significantly lower than 600. This almost guarantees that the nominee will be invited to apply for permanent residence in the subsequent draw.
Enhanced PNPs provide a more efficient route to permanent residency for individuals who may not have a competitive CRS score initially but are well-suited to meet provincial labor market needs.
Eligibility Criteria for PNP-Express Entry Linked Programs
To be eligible for an enhanced PNP, candidates must first qualify for one of the three federal programs managed by Express Entry. They must create an Express Entry profile and indicate interest in living in specific provinces or territories. Each province has different eligibility criteria based on local labor market demands, and candidates must align their skills and work experience with these needs.
For example, provinces may prioritize candidates with experience in specific industries like healthcare, information technology, or trades, depending on regional labor shortages. Provinces may also target French-speaking immigrants or those with a strong connection to the region through education, work, or family ties.
List of Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs) Linked to Express Entry
Ontario Immigrant Nominee Program (OINP)
- Human Capital Priorities Stream
- French-Speaking Skilled Worker Stream
- Skilled Trades Stream
British Columbia Provincial Nominee Program (BC PNP)
- Express Entry BC Skilled Worker
- Express Entry BC International Graduate
Alberta Advantage Immigration Program (AAIP)
- Alberta Express Entry Stream
Saskatchewan Immigrant Nominee Program (SINP)
- Saskatchewan Express Entry Stream
Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program (MPNP)
- Express Entry Skilled Workers Overseas Stream
Nova Scotia Nominee Program (NSNP)
- Nova Scotia Demand: Express Entry
- Nova Scotia Labour Market Priorities
New Brunswick Provincial Nominee Program (NBPNP)
- Express Entry Stream
Prince Edward Island Provincial Nominee Program (PEI PNP)
- PEI Express Entry
Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Nominee Program (NLPNP)
- Express Entry Skilled Worker
Yukon Nominee Program (YNP)
- Yukon Express Entry
Northwest Territories Nominee Program (NTNP)
- Express Entry Stream
Advantages of PNP-Express Entry Programs
Enhanced PNPs provide a significant advantage to candidates through the 600 CRS points boost, making it an attractive option for candidates with lower CRS scores. This program also allows provinces to address specific labor shortages, benefiting both the local economy and the immigrant by providing a tailored pathway to permanent residency.
The flexibility of the PNP, with multiple streams for skilled workers, graduates, and entrepreneurs, ensures that provinces can select immigrants who are most likely to succeed and remain in the region. For immigrants, PNPs provide an opportunity to integrate into the Canadian labor market, often with faster processing times and a more personalized approach than federal programs alone.
4. Express Entry Eligibility Requirements
- Work Experience:
- Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP): Candidates need at least one year of full-time skilled work experience (or an equivalent part-time experience) within the last 10 years in a National Occupational Classification (NOC) TEER category 0, 1, 2, or 3 job.
- Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP): Requires at least two years of full-time work experience in a skilled trade within the last five years, and candidates must either have a valid job offer or a certificate of qualification.
- Canadian Experience Class (CEC): Requires at least one year of skilled work experience in Canada within the last three years in a NOC TEER category 0, 1, 2, or 3 job.
- Language Proficiency: Candidates must take an approved language test in either English or French and meet minimum Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) levels:
- FSWP: Minimum CLB 7 in all four abilities (speaking, listening, reading, and writing).
- FSTP: Minimum CLB 5 for speaking and listening, and CLB 4 for reading and writing.
- CEC: Minimum CLB 7 for NOC TEER 0 or 1 jobs, and CLB 5 for NOC TEER 2 or 3 jobs.
Higher language scores can significantly increase a candidate’s CRS score.
- Education:
- FSWP: Candidates must have at least a Canadian high school diploma or equivalent foreign credentials, verified through an Educational Credential Assessment (ECA).
- FSTP and CEC: There are no specific education requirements, but having post-secondary education can boost CRS scores.
Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) Points
Once a candidate is in the Express Entry pool, they are ranked using the CRS, which allocates points based on several factors:
Core Human Capital Factors (Maximum 600 Points):
- Age:
Candidates between 20 and 29 years old receive the maximum of 110 points. Points decrease for older applicants, with no points awarded after age 45. - Education:
A candidate with a high school diploma can receive up to 30 points, while those with a master’s or doctoral degree can receive up to 150 points. - Language Proficiency:
Up to 136 points are awarded for first language skills (up to 24 points per ability), with a potential 24 additional points for a second language. - Work Experience:
Maximum points are awarded for five or more years of Canadian work experience, up to 80 points.
- Age:
Spouse or Common-Law Partner Factors (Maximum 40 Points):
- If a candidate’s spouse or partner accompanies them, points can be added for their education, language skills, and Canadian work experience, with a maximum of 40 additional points.
Skills Transferability Factors (Maximum 100 Points):
- Education + Language/Work Experience:
Points are awarded if a candidate’s education aligns with their language proficiency or work experience. For example, a candidate with high language proficiency and a post-secondary degree can earn up to 50 points. - Work Experience + Language/Education:
Points are awarded if a candidate has foreign or Canadian work experience combined with strong language skills or education.
- Education + Language/Work Experience:
Additional Factors (Maximum 600 Points):
- Candidates can receive an additional 600 points for:
- Provincial nomination through a Provincial Nominee Program (PNP).
- Having a valid job offer supported by a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA).
- French language proficiency (up to 50 points).
- Sibling in Canada (15 points).
- Candidates can receive an additional 600 points for:
Minimum CRS Score Requirements
The CRS score needed to receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residency fluctuates with each Express Entry draw. The CRS cut-off is typically between 400 and 500 points. Candidates with a provincial nomination receive an automatic 600 points boost, almost guaranteeing an ITA in the next draw.
5. Step-by-Step Guide to Applying through Express Entry
If you meet the eligibility criteria, follow this step-by-step process to apply for Express Entry:
Step 1: Assess Your Eligibility
Use the Government of Canada’s online tools to determine if you qualify for one of the programs under Express Entry. If you’re eligible, proceed to the next step.
Step 2: Gather Required Documents
You’ll need to gather documents such as:
- Passport or travel document.
- Educational credential assessment (ECA) for foreign degrees.
- Language test results (e.g., IELTS, CELPIP, TEF).
- Proof of work experience (reference letters, job descriptions).
- Proof of funds if you don’t have a job offer in Canada.
Step 3: Create Your Express Entry Profile
Create an online profile through the Express Entry login portal. You will need to provide detailed information about your skills, work experience, education, and language ability. Be honest and accurate, as you may need to provide documentation to verify your claims later.
Step 4: Submit Your Profile
Once your profile is complete, submit it. If you’re eligible, your profile will be added to the Express Entry pool of candidates. Your CRS score will be automatically calculated based on the information you’ve provided.
Step 5: Improve Your CRS Score (Optional)
If your CRS score is lower than the average cutoff for recent draws, consider ways to improve it:
- Improve your language test results.
- Obtain additional work experience.
- Pursue a job offer in Canada.
- Obtain a provincial nomination through the PNP.
Step 6: Receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA)
If your CRS score meets or exceeds the cutoff in an Express Entry draw, you will receive an ITA. This invitation allows you to apply for permanent residency.
Step 7: Submit Your Permanent Residency Application
Once you receive your ITA, you’ll have 60 days to submit your complete permanent residency application. You’ll need to upload supporting documents such as medical exams, police certificates, and proof of funds.
Step 8: Wait for Approval
After submitting your application, the processing time typically takes six months or less. You can check the status of your application through your Express Entry login portal.
6. Understanding Draws: All Program, PNP, Program-Specific, and Occupation-Specific
The Government of Canada regularly conducts draws from the Express Entry pool to invite candidates to apply for permanent residency. There are different types of draws, each targeting specific groups of candidates:
All Program Draws
Express Entry All Program draws are a key component of Canada’s immigration system, inviting candidates from all three federal economic programs managed under Express Entry: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), and the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). These draws are conducted by Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) on a regular basis and are open to candidates across various professions, as long as they meet the eligibility requirements.
In an All Program draw, candidates are ranked based on their Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) score, which takes into account factors such as age, education, work experience, language proficiency, and whether they have a job offer or a provincial nomination. The candidates with the highest CRS scores are issued Invitations to Apply (ITA) for permanent residency.
The All Program draws are notable for their inclusivity. Unlike program-specific draws, which focus on particular groups such as Canadian Experience Class or Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) candidates, these draws allow individuals from any of the three economic streams to compete based solely on their CRS score.
All Program draws provide a broad and competitive pathway to permanent residency, making it essential for candidates to maximize their CRS score by improving factors such as language results, gaining additional work experience, or securing a provincial nomination. These draws are a significant part of Canada’s strategy to welcome skilled immigrants and fill gaps in its labor market across diverse sectors.
PNP Draws
Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) draws within Canada’s Express Entry system are specialized immigration draws that target candidates who have received a nomination from a Canadian province or territory. Each province or territory has its own PNP aligned with the Express Entry system, which allows them to nominate candidates who meet specific local labor market needs and can contribute to the province’s economic development.
Candidates who receive a provincial nomination through an Express Entry-aligned PNP stream gain a significant advantage in the Express Entry pool. A nomination adds 600 points to a candidate’s Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) score, virtually guaranteeing that they will receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residency in the next draw.
PNP draws target individuals who have demonstrated a commitment to settling in a particular province and who possess the skills and work experience that align with that province’s economic priorities. These draws may also be occupation-specific, focusing on candidates with experience in industries where the province is experiencing labor shortages, such as healthcare, technology, or skilled trades.
Express Entry PNP draws allow provinces to address their unique demographic and economic challenges by selecting candidates who are most likely to integrate successfully into their local workforce. For prospective immigrants, receiving a provincial nomination is one of the most effective ways to increase their chances of securing permanent residency in Canada, especially if their CRS score is lower than the threshold for regular all-program draws.
Program-Specific Draws
Program-specific draws within Canada’s Express Entry system are targeted draws that focus on candidates from one of the three main federal immigration programs: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), or the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). Unlike All Program draws, which invite candidates from any of the three programs based on their Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) score, program-specific draws are designed to address particular economic needs by selecting candidates from a specific program.
For example, a draw targeting Canadian Experience Class (CEC) candidates may aim to invite individuals with Canadian work experience who are already well-integrated into the country’s labor market. Similarly, a draw focused on the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP) might address shortages in skilled trades such as electricians, plumbers, or carpenters, where the need for labor is particularly high.
Program-specific draws allow the government to be more strategic in addressing labor market needs and ensuring that the immigration system supports key industries. These draws often have lower CRS score thresholds compared to All Program draws, providing an advantage to candidates who qualify under the targeted program but may have a lower overall score.
For candidates, staying informed about program-specific draws can be a key advantage, as these draws offer more focused opportunities to receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for permanent residency in Canada based on their specific qualifications and program eligibility.
Occupation-Specific Draws
Express Entry occupation-specific draws are invitations issued to candidates within the Express Entry pool who have work experience in a particular occupation. These draws are designed to target specific industries or sectors where there are significant skill shortages, ensuring that the individuals selected meet the demands of Canada’s economy.
Typically, Express Entry draws invite candidates based on their Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) scores, regardless of their occupation. However, in an occupation-specific draw, the government shifts its focus from CRS scores to particular skillsets or job categories. This helps address immediate labor market needs by selecting candidates whose skills align with those of high-demand occupations in Canada.
For example, if there is a significant need for healthcare professionals, the government may conduct a draw specifically targeting nurses, physicians, or other healthcare workers. By doing this, Canada ensures that its immigration system remains flexible and responsive to labor market shortages.
The draws target 82 occupations in the following fields:
- healthcare
- science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professions
- trades, such as carpenters, plumbers and contractors
- transport
- agriculture and agri-food
How Do Occupation-Specific Draws Work?
Occupation-specific draws operate within the broader framework of the Express Entry system, which manages immigration applications for three major programs: the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP), the Federal Skilled Trades Program (FSTP), and the Canadian Experience Class (CEC). These draws specifically target applicants whose work experience aligns with Canada’s labor market demands.
Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of how occupation-specific draws work:
- Identification of In-Demand Occupations: The Canadian government identifies occupations facing significant shortages based on labor market assessments, industry reports, and feedback from provinces. These occupations are typically those where employers have difficulty finding qualified workers within Canada.
- Setting Draw Criteria: For an occupation-specific draw, the government sets eligibility criteria based on the specific occupation being targeted. This could involve focusing on a particular National Occupational Classification (NOC) code or range of codes. For example, a draw may target healthcare professionals classified under NOC 3012 (Registered Nurses) or NOC 3112 (General Practitioners and Family Physicians).
- Issuing Invitations to Apply (ITA): Once the criteria are set, candidates in the Express Entry pool who meet the requirements of the targeted occupation are invited to apply for permanent residency, even if their CRS scores are lower than the threshold for general draws. This allows candidates with specific skills to bypass the traditional CRS competition and receive an Invitation to Apply (ITA) more easily.
- Follow-Up Actions: After receiving an ITA, the selected candidates proceed with their application for permanent residency. They must still meet the basic eligibility requirements of the Express Entry system, including medical exams, background checks, and proof of settlement funds.
Why Does Canada Hold Occupation-Specific Draws?
Canada holds occupation-specific draws to address the following key challenges:
1. Labor Shortages:
Many sectors in Canada are experiencing significant labor shortages, particularly in healthcare, technology, construction, and skilled trades. By targeting specific occupations through Express Entry, the Canadian government can ensure a steady influx of skilled workers in these critical industries. Occupation-specific draws help meet the immediate needs of employers and contribute to the long-term sustainability of the labor market.
2. Aligning Immigration with Economic Needs:
One of the guiding principles of Canada’s immigration system is to align immigration with economic growth and development. Occupation-specific draws allow the government to focus on bringing in individuals who can quickly integrate into the workforce and address skills gaps that threaten the growth of key industries.
3. Promoting Faster Immigration:
Occupation-specific draws can also speed up the immigration process for certain candidates. In traditional draws, candidates with lower CRS scores may have to wait months or even years to receive an ITA. Occupation-specific draws provide a faster pathway to permanent residency for those in high-demand professions, ensuring Canada attracts the talent it urgently needs.
Which Occupations Are Targeted?
Occupation-specific draws vary depending on Canada’s labor market needs at any given time. However, some common industries and occupations that have been targeted in the past include:
1. Healthcare
Occupation | 2021 NOC code | 2021 TEER category |
Audiologists and speech language pathologists | 31112 | 1 |
Chiropractors | 31201 | 1 |
Dentists | 31110 | 1 |
Dieticians and nutritionists | 31121 | 1 |
Education counsellors | 41320 | 1 |
General practitioners and family physicians | 31102 | 1 |
Instructors of persons with disabilities | 42203 | 2 |
Kinesiologists and other professional occupation in therapy and assessment | 31204 | 1 |
Licensed practical nurses | 32101 | 2 |
Massage therapists | 32201 | 2 |
Medical laboratory assistants and related technical occupations | 33101 | 3 |
Medical laboratory technologists | 32120 | 2 |
Medical radiation technologists | 32121 | 2 |
Medical sonographers | 32122 | 2 |
Nurse aides, orderlies and patient service associates | 33102 | 3 |
Nurse practitioners | 31302 | 1 |
Nursing co-ordinators and supervisors | 31300 | 1 |
Occupational therapists | 31203 | 1 |
Optometrists | 31111 | 1 |
Other assisting occupations in support of health services | 33109 | 3 |
Other practitioners of natural healing | 32209 | 2 |
Other professional occupations in health diagnosing and treating | 31209 | 1 |
Other technical occupations in therapy and assessment | 32109 | 2 |
Paramedical occupations | 32102 | 2 |
Pharmacy technical assistants and pharmacy assistants | 33103 | 3 |
Physician assistants, midwives and allied health professionals | 31303 | 1 |
Physiotherapists | 31202 | 1 |
Psychologists | 31200 | 1 |
Registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses | 31301 | 1 |
Respiratory therapists, clinical perfusionists and cardiopulmonary technologists | 32103 | 2 |
Specialists in clinical and laboratory medicine | 31100 | 1 |
Specialists in surgery | 31101 | 1 |
Therapists in counselling and related specialized therapies | 41301 | 1 |
Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners and acupuncturists | 32200 | 2 |
Veterinarians | 31103 | 1 |
2. STEM
Occupation | 2021 NOC code | 2021 TEER category |
Architects | 21200 | 1 |
Architecture and science managers | 20011 | 0 |
Business systems specialists | 21221 | 1 |
Civil Engineers | 21300 | 1 |
Computer and information systems managers | 20012 | 0 |
Computer engineers (except software engineers and designers) | 21311 | 1 |
Computer systems developers and programmers | 21230 | 1 |
Cybersecurity specialists | 21220 | 1 |
Data scientists | 21211 | 1 |
Database analysts and data administrators | 21223 | 1 |
Electrical and electronics engineers | 21310 | 1 |
Engineering managers | 20010 | 0 |
Industrial and manufacturing engineers | 21321 | 1 |
Information systems specialists | 21222 | 1 |
Land surveyors | 21203 | 1 |
Landscape Architects | 21201 | 1 |
Mathematicians, statisticians and actuaries | 21210 | 1 |
Metallurgical and materials engineers | 21322 | 1 |
Natural and applied science policy researchers, consultants and program officers | 41400 | 1 |
Software developers and programmers | 21232 | 1 |
Software engineers and designers | 21231 | 1 |
Urban and land use planners | 21202 | 1 |
Web designers | 21233 | 1 |
Web developers and programmers | 21234 | 1 |
3. Trades
| Occupation | 2021 NOC code | 2021 TEER category |
| Residential and commercial installers and servicers | 73200 | 3 |
| Elevator constructors and mechanics | 72406 | 2 |
| Machine fitters | 72405 | 2 |
| Heating, refrigeration and air conditioning mechanics | 72402 | 2 |
| Construction millwrights and industrial mechanics | 72400 | 2 |
| Carpenters | 72310 | 2 |
| Plumbers | 72300 | 2 |
| Electricians (except industrial and power system) | 72200 | 2 |
| Welders and related machine operators | 72106 | 2 |
| Contractors and supervisors, other construction trades, installers, repairers and servicers | 72014 | 2 |
4. Transport
Occupation | 2021 NOC code | 2021 TEER category |
Aircraft assemblers and aircraft assembly inspectors | 93200 | 3 |
Transport truck drivers | 73300 | 3 |
Railway traffic controllers and marine traffic regulators | 72604 | 2 |
Engineer officers, water transport | 72603 | 2 |
Deck officers, water transport | 72602 | 2 |
Air traffic controllers and related occupations | 72601 | 2 |
Air pilots, flight engineers and flying instructors | 72600 | 2 |
Aircraft mechanics and aircraft inspectors | 72404 | 2 |
Railway carmen/women | 72403 | 2 |
Managers in transportation | 70020 | 0 |
5. Agriculture and Agri-Food
Occupation | 2021 NOC code | 2021 TEER category |
Contractors and supervisors, landscaping, grounds maintenance and horticulture services | 82031 | 2 |
Agricultural service contractors and farm supervisors | 82030 | 2 |
Butchers- retail and wholesale | 63201 | 3 |
7. FAQs about Express Entry
What is an Express Entry Profile?
An Express Entry profile is an online form where you provide information about your work experience, education, language ability, and other factors. The profile is used to determine your eligibility for one of the programs under Express Entry and calculate your CRS score. If you meet the eligibility criteria, your profile will be placed in the pool of candidates waiting for an invitation to apply for permanent residency.
Can I Apply for Express Entry While in Canada?
Yes, you can apply for Express Entry whether you are inside or outside Canada. However, if you are already in Canada on a temporary work or study permit, your Canadian work or study experience may improve your CRS score.
What Language Results are Required for Express Entry?
You need to provide results from a valid language test, such as IELTS, CELPIP (for English), or TEF (for French). Your language score will be converted to the Canadian Language Benchmark (CL
(CLB) for English or the Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens (NCLC) for French. The minimum CLB/NCLC score required depends on the program you’re applying under:
- Federal Skilled Worker Program: Minimum CLB 7 in all language abilities (speaking, reading, writing, and listening).
- Federal Skilled Trades Program: Minimum CLB 5 for speaking and listening, and CLB 4 for reading and writing.
- Canadian Experience Class: The required CLB depends on the skill level of your job. For NOC 0 or A jobs, the minimum is CLB 7. For NOC B jobs, the minimum is CLB 5.
Will a Job Offer Affect My Express Entry Profile?
Yes, a valid job offer from a Canadian employer can significantly increase your CRS score. A valid job offer must be for a job that is classified under National Occupational Classification (NOC) 0, A, or B and must be for at least one year after you receive your permanent residency. Job offers supported by a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) are eligible for 50-200 additional CRS points, depending on the skill level of the job.
How Do I Find My NOC Code?
Your NOC code corresponds to the job you perform, and it classifies your job based on your skill type and level. You can find your NOC code on the Government of Canada’s NOC website, where you’ll search for your occupation by title or description. Each NOC code consists of a four-digit number that helps classify the type of work you do and its level of skill.
Why Am I Ineligible to Submit an Express Entry Profile?
There are several reasons you might be deemed ineligible to submit an Express Entry profile:
- Insufficient Work Experience: You may not meet the minimum work experience requirement of at least one year of continuous full-time skilled work experience.
- Language Test Results: Your language test scores may be below the minimum required levels.
- Educational Credential Assessment (ECA): You may not have the necessary educational qualifications or have failed to get your foreign degree assessed.
- Proof of Funds: If you don’t have a valid job offer or enough settlement funds, you might be ineligible.
- Age or Other Factors: Your age or CRS score may be too low to qualify for an invitation to apply.
If you are ineligible, carefully review the program requirements, improve your qualifications (such as by gaining more work experience or improving your language test scores), and try again.
8. Has the Canada Express Entry System Been a Success?
Since its launch in 2015, Canada’s Express Entry system has become a cornerstone of the country’s immigration strategy. Designed to streamline the selection of skilled immigrants and better align with Canada’s labor market needs, the system has undergone several refinements and adaptations over the years. Now almost a decade into its operation, the question arises: Has the Express Entry system been a success? Based on its efficiency, the alignment with economic goals, and the positive outcomes for both Canada and immigrants, the answer is a resounding yes—though challenges remain.
Efficiency and Speed
One of the most notable successes of the Express Entry system has been its ability to significantly reduce the processing time for permanent residency applications. Prior to Express Entry, skilled immigration programs often took years to process applications. The Express Entry system has drastically shortened this timeline, with most applications processed within six months after receiving an Invitation to Apply (ITA). This speed has been a game-changer for prospective immigrants, allowing them to plan their move and settle into Canadian life more quickly.
Moreover, the introduction of regular draws has kept the system dynamic, enabling candidates to continuously monitor their profiles and adjust their Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS) scores where possible. The frequency of these draws ensures that candidates have multiple opportunities each year to receive ITAs, rather than waiting in long queues for years without certainty.
Alignment with Labor Market Needs
One of the primary goals of the Express Entry system was to better align Canada’s immigration intake with its labor market needs. Before Express Entry, skilled workers were chosen primarily on a first-come, first-served basis, which often led to a mismatch between the skills of immigrants and the demands of the economy.
The Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), which evaluates candidates based on factors such as age, education, work experience, language proficiency, and job offers, has played a crucial role in ensuring that immigrants who enter Canada are more likely to succeed economically. By selecting candidates who possess skills that are in high demand, Express Entry has helped address labor shortages in key sectors such as healthcare, technology, construction, and skilled trades.
Additionally, the system’s flexibility to conduct program-specific or occupation-specific draws allows Canada to adapt its immigration intake to evolving economic priorities. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a strong focus on inviting candidates from the Canadian Experience Class (CEC), reflecting the importance of individuals already working in Canada to the country’s economic recovery.
Impact on Immigrants
The Express Entry system has had a positive impact on the lives of many immigrants. One of its greatest advantages is that it places more control in the hands of the applicants themselves. By allowing candidates to create and manage their own profiles, Express Entry empowers immigrants to play an active role in the immigration process.
The transparency of the system is another plus. Candidates know exactly how they are ranked, what factors influence their CRS score, and what they can do to improve it. This has encouraged prospective immigrants to improve their language skills, gain more work experience, or seek out job offers from Canadian employers to increase their chances of receiving an ITA.
Furthermore, those who enter Canada through Express Entry tend to integrate well into the Canadian workforce. A 2019 Statistics Canada report indicated that immigrants who arrived through Express Entry had higher employment rates and earnings compared to those who entered through other programs. This success can be attributed to the system’s focus on selecting immigrants with strong human capital factors and the ability to contribute to Canada’s economy.
Challenges and Areas for Improvement
While the Express Entry system has been largely successful, it is not without challenges. One of the main criticisms is that the CRS score can be difficult to improve for individuals without Canadian work experience or education, placing foreign applicants at a disadvantage. This has raised concerns about the system being biased toward those who are already in Canada, particularly international students and temporary foreign workers.
Another issue is the occasional high CRS score cutoffs in All Program draws, which can make it difficult for qualified candidates in certain age groups or professions to compete. This is especially challenging for older applicants, who may have extensive work experience but lose points due to age.
Additionally, there is room for improvement in addressing specific regional labor market needs. While the Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) allows provinces to nominate candidates through Express Entry, there remains a need for greater coordination between provincial and federal immigration systems to ensure that immigrants are directed to areas where their skills are most needed.
Overall, Canada’s Express Entry system has been a significant success. It has enhanced the efficiency of the immigration process, aligned immigrant intake with labor market needs, and provided a transparent and dynamic system for skilled workers to secure permanent residency. While there are challenges, particularly in terms of access for foreign applicants and regional labor market alignment, the system continues to adapt and improve. As Canada faces ongoing labor shortages and demographic challenges, Express Entry remains an essential tool in ensuring the country’s long-term economic growth and prosperity.
9. Final Thoughts
The Express Entry system is a powerful and efficient pathway to Canadian permanent residency for skilled individuals. By following the step-by-step process outlined in this guide, you can improve your chances of success. Remember, your Express Entry profile is a dynamic entity that you can improve by gaining more work experience, enhancing your language scores, securing a job offer, or obtaining a provincial nomination.
If you’re serious about immigrating to Canada, it’s important to stay informed about changes in immigration laws and policies, as well as monitoring Express Entry draws. Canada’s commitment to welcoming skilled immigrants is steadfast, and with determination and careful preparation, you can secure your place in the Express Entry system.
Express Entry Canada FAQ Summary
What is an Express Entry profile?
It’s an online form where candidates provide information on their work experience, education, language proficiency, and more, to determine their eligibility and CRS score.
Can I apply for Express Entry while in Canada?
Yes, both individuals in and outside Canada can apply, and Canadian work experience can boost your CRS score.
What language results are required for Express Entry?
You need results from a valid language test, such as IELTS or CELPIP for English, or TEF for French, which are converted into the CLB or NCLC score.
Will a job offer affect my Express Entry profile?
A valid job offer supported by an LMIA can add 50-200 points to your CRS score, making you more competitive in draws.
How do I find my NOC code?
Your NOC code is available on the Government of Canada’s NOC website, classifying your job by its skill type and level.
Why am I ineligible to submit an Express Entry profile?
Common reasons include insufficient work experience, low language test scores, lack of educational credentials, or inadequate proof of funds.
